The purpose of this study was to investigate visual information processing and control mechanism underlying coincident timing response by analyzing the effect of stimulus velocity and the range of stimulus presentation on the latency, amplitude, duration, velocity and frequency of saccadic eye movement pattern. Twelve subjects performed coincident timing response in diverse task conditions, and constant error, absolute error, and various eye movement variables were measured for each response. The accuracy of timing response was found to decrease with increasing stimulus velocity and decreasing stimulus presentation range. Eye movement patterns, however, were only sensitive to stimulus velocity, and were not different between ranges of stimulus presentation. With the increasing stimulus velocity, the latency and amplitude of the first saccade were reduced and increased respectively. The average velocity of overall saccades was also increased with increasing stimulus velocity, whereas the frequency of saccade was increased with decreasing stimulus velocity. These results suggest that the eye movement pattern emerging during coincident timing response may reflect control strategy selected by the control system for an effective information processing in a given task situation, and is directly related to the accuracy of required response.

Drawing on the predictions of cognitive evaluation theory, this study examined the student`s perceptions of physical education (PE) teacher`s teaching behavior and their levels of intrinsic motivation toward PE. A total of 475 middle school-aged male and female students completed the questionnaire version of CBAS and the modified Korean version of IMI. Results from MANOVA revealed gender differences in the three indices on intrinsic motivation toward PE with higher scores in males. The Chi(χ)-shaped teaching behavior profile in 14 PE teachers indicated that the teachers emphasized either `instruction-encouragement` or `punishment-control` teaching style. Multiple regression analyses on each of the intrinsic motivation factors revealed that perceived teaching behaviors were significant predictors of studdents` intrinsic motivation toward PE. Specifically, students who perceived their teachers to exibit a teaching style that emphasized instruction and encouragement were higher in their intrinsic motivation. Conversely, perceptions of high frequency of punishment-oriented and controlling behaviors were related to lower levels of intrinsic motivation. Results were discussed in terms of future directions of this line of research.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between psychological factors and pilot training Courses. Psychological factors were cognitive state anxiety, somatic state anxiety, self-confidence and perceived physical competence factor and Subject for this study was the student pilot for a total 105. Psychological factor was measured by utilizing the questionnaire modified Anova and correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. In the primary course for PT(pilot training), there are the statistically significant differences of psychological factor between groups that accomplish PTC(pilot training course) and group that don`t, in the factor of self-confidence and perceived physical competence. In the secondary course for PT(pilot training), there are the statistically significant differences of psychological factor between groups that accomplish PTC(pilot training course) and group that don`t, in the factor of somatic state anxiety. Following that, there are the statistically significant differences of psychological factors between groups that accomplish the whole PTC(pilot training courses) and group that don`t, in the factor of self-confidence. In a conclusion, I hope that this research be useful to select and training pilot candidates and to give them to potential power to be excellent pilot and it can also helpful to study how to develope pilot aptitude tests for the effective pilot training.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the Social Physique Anxiety scale(SPAS) and the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire(PSDQ) among Lean Group, Slim Group, Normal Group, Fattish Group, and Fatty Group of 332 middle school students by the Korean Versions of the SPAS and the PSDQ. The results are as follows; On the Social Physique Anxiety, there was a significant difference with the main effect of Group(p< .05). Normal Group was lower than any other group and Fatty Group was higher than all the other groups. There was not a significant difference with the main effect of Gender. On the Physical Self-Description. boys were higher than girls in the scores of self-perceptions of physical activity, health, endurance, and sports competence. And Lean and Normal Groups were higher than the other Groups in the scores of self-perceptions of body fat, attractiveness, health, self esteem, flexibility, endurance, and global physical. Finally, body fat and self esteem showed high negative correlation coefficients with social physique anxiety for both boys and girls.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of learning a hoop movement on timing and method of augmented feedback in rhythmic gymnastics. The sixty subjects (30 males & 30 females) were selected from adults (ranging from 20 to 29 years) in Seoul, Korea. The subjects were randomly assigned to 6 different conditions groups: Concurrent Visual Feedback (experimental group 1), Concurrent Visual Feedback (experimental group 2), Concurrent Visual +Verbal Feedback (experimental group 3), Terminal Visual Feedback (experimental group 4), Terminal Verbal Feedback (experimental group 5), Terminal Visual+Verbal Feedback (experimental group 6). Each experimental group participated in 5 sequential movements of hoop skill tasks, was carried out 2 (feedback timing)×3 (feedback method)×5 (block) factorial design with repeated measures on the last factor. All post hoc analyses used the Tukey`s HSD for difference between motor performance and learning on timing and method of feedback. Also, retention and delayed retention stages analyzed by 3-way ANOVA. Data analyses were derived through the use of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS 10.0). The following results are based upon the findings of this study: 1) there were not significant differences between concurrent feedback and terminal feedback in the movement performance scores, 2) there were significant differences between visual feedback and verbal feedback in the movement performance scores and then visual feedback was higher than verbal feedback in the movement performance scores, 3) there were not significant differences between Visual feedback and mixed feedback in the movement performance scores, 4) there were significant differences between mixed feedback and verbal feedback in the movement performance scores and then mixed feedback was higher than verbal feedback in the movement performance scores, 5) there were significant differences in the blocks and according to the increase of blocks, the movement performance scores of each block became higher. In conclusion, regarding the feedback timing, there were not significant differences when the process or the end of movement performance received feedbacks. Visual or visual+verbal feedback was more effective than verbal feedback in the method of feedback.

This investigation examined the sources of stress and coping strategies in Korean elite tennis players. Fifteen tennis players who were former and current national tennis athletes were interviewed about the sources of stress they experienced and coping strategies they used at present and in the past, Qualitative methodology was utilized in this study and five stress sources and nineteen coping strategies were identified. Five stress sources in order were psychological factors (anxiety, confidence, pressure, slump, substitutions, and fear), opponent factors (losing, meeting a strong opponent, and knowing an opponent well), physical factors (injury, condition, and physical fitness), competition factors (judge and broadcasting), and team factors (a coach and senior`s punishment, training, and teamwork). Nineteen coping strategies were confidence, tactics/strategies, positive thoughts, game concentration, training, comfortable mind, self-hypnosis/talk, ignore, communication, judge`s agreement, fun with game, pray, face control, mood change, mental toughness, situation check, belief, rest, and etc.. The result showed that anxiety and lack of confidence were most frequently experienced stress and confidence. tactics/strategies, positive thoughts, and game concentration were most frequently used coping strategies. Therefore, this investigation confirmed that Korean elite tennis players experienced stress from many factors and used appropriate coping strategies against stress they experienced.

This study aimed at showing that sports activities in natural environment could become an effective probationary program for juvenile offenders by increasing positive self-concept and adaptivity and by having participants experience achievement toward goals. A three-day water sports camp was conducted for 59 juvenile offenders on probation. The camp program was consisted of water skiing, rafting, mini olympics, camp fire, group discussions and other group activities. Questionnaires were administered before and after the camp to assess changes in positive self-concept, impulsivitiy, emotional stability, coping ability, and the sense of alienation. After the water camp, participants showed significantly increased level of positive self-concept and lowered impulsivity and sense of alienation. Participants reported that through the water sports camp they realized the importance of family and friends and cooperating with others.

The main purpose of this study was to find out the effect of the quality of life on the middle-aged women according to the participation of sports activity. The subjects of this study were a total of 381 women, between 40 and 60 years of age. Examinations of the difference in the quality of life as related socio-demographic variables and participation of leisure sports were done using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe test. The results of this study were as follows: (1)It was shown that the quality of life of the middle-aged women was affected by the age, education, job, income and health. (2)Motivation of participation influences on the relationships between the neighbour and satisfaction of self-esteem. (3)Swimming, golf, badminton and tennis were shown to have an important effect on the satisfactions of self-esteem. (4)Frequent participation was positively related to life satisfaction. In conclusion, the appropriate participation of the leisure sports played a significant role of middle-aged women in enhancing the quality of life.

The purpose of this study was to verify difference in limits of stability between the obese and normal weight female adults during leaning forward, backward, right, and left. Using the ground reaction force platform, maximum and minimum values of center of pressure(COP) x and y were calculated. Absolute values of theses were used as a manipulative measures of limits of stability. Analyses of data revealed that 1) limits of stability of medial-lateral lean was significantly wider as compared that of anterior-posterior lean. 2) limits of stability of the obese group was significantly narrower as compared that of the normal weight group. Especially, in forward and right-side lean there was significant difference between the obese and normal weight group. These results suggested that the obese had poor ability of postural control.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of role stress on job burnout of school athletic supervisors and to analyze the moderating effect of social support. For empirical analysis, this study purposefully selected 200 elementary, middle and high school male teacher-head coaches of Chungcheongnamdo. All subjects completed the role stress and job burnout questionnaire using mailing survey. In the 164 questionnaire returned, 5 samples were discarded for the poor answer. As a result, this study had the last 159 valid samples. Collected data were analyzed using correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression analysis. And moderating effect of social support were analyzed according to Amold`s(1982) sub-group correlation analysis procedure. The conclusions were as followings: First, the higher role stress, teacher-head coaches experience the greater job burnout. Second, social support has buffering effects between role stress and job burnout. The moderating effects of social support were discussed in terms of stress buffering effect. Future research will be ncouraged to investigate the phase model of job burnout in sport and exercise setting.

The purpose of this study was to compare the psychological readiness of Korea PGA Tour golfers with Australian Amateur golfers. 47 Korea professionals (47 male) and 191 Australian amateurs (153 male ;38 female) participated in this study. The Golf Psychology Questionnaire (GPQ) was developed by Lydia (1999) and based on questions from the MTE-1 (Partington & Orlick). It was translated into Korean by 2 Ph.D. (sport psychologist) and I graduate student (Korean Language) and 2 KPGA players. It was 20-item questionnaire and responses were indicated on a 5-point Likert scale (1=strongly disagree, 5=strongly agree). Principal Component Analysis supported the content validity and Cronbach`s alpha revealed the internal consistency of the GPQ. In general, it was found that higher ranking Korea professionals and more advanced Australian amateurs rated higher on many questionnaire items reflecting greater strength of mental skill factors. The highest correlation of Korea PGA Tour golfers was the extent of reported usage of `pre-shot routine`(r=-.603) while the highest correlation of Australian amateur golfers was the ratings for `feeling anxious` before hitting off the first tee (r=.558). Even though both professionals and amateurs realized the importance of the psychological readiness in golf performance, some significant correlations for professional golfers were not as much as significant to amateurs or several significant results for amateur golfers were almost meaningless to professionals. The utilization of psychological skills has been shown to increase the golfer`s performance level. Therefore, with the aid of a sport psychologist, golfers should develop psychological skills according to different levels and improve their golf game.

Sport counseling is the act of giving counseling services to an athlete to form a solution to a problem. Athletes who join competitive sports confront various problems during the process of growth and development. Many of these problems may require a sport psychologist as a counselor to be properly dealt with. The dynamic personal relationship between counselor and client that is important in counseling is also important in sport counseling. Rogers` client-centered counseling encourages the growth of the client through congruence, empathy, and unconditional positive regard happening between counselor and client. In this research, Rogers` client-centered counseling was applied to young tennis athlete in order to solve their psychological difficulty and agony. Counseling was conducted on a weekly basis for nine, 60-120 minutes sessions. All counseling contents were recorded. The result of this study was as follows : It appeared Rogers` counseling therapy helped athletes to their cognitive, behavior and emotional problem solution at the sport psychology area.

This study examined perceived importance of major psychological skills, nature of psychological problems in practice and competition, need for mental skills training among 372 Korean elite athletes. The athletes completed a questionnaire that assessed their perceptions of psychological skills, psychological problems, and mental skills training. I general, they were extremely supportive of psychological skills in enhancing sporting success. The athletes had limited experiences in learning mental skills training and spent minimal portion of their training time in applying psychological skills during practice. Confidence and concentration were the psychological attributes judged to be the most important in determining in success and failure. The athletes reported positive attitude toward sport psychology indicating that they would be interested in receiving mental skills training from sport psychologists. Concerns regarding mental skills training included lack of access to qualified sport psychologists. These findings would help design and implement culture-sensitive psychological skills training for Korean athletes.

This paper reviewed theoretical paradigms that consisted of mainstream in sport psychology research during the past 50 years, and explored some theoretical aspects for the future of sport psychology. In 1950-1960s, parallelling to general psychology, the dispositional approach emphasizing person as behavioral mechanism dominated over most sport psychology studies. However, mechanistic behaviorism emphasizing situation and learning immediately followed. Particularly, the drive and social facilitation theory based on Hullian S-R mechanistic approach put forth many theoretical aspects to explain the arousal-performance relationship. In 1970s, the cognitive-behavioral approach that individual` though processes would drive behavior gained increasing prominence within sport psychology. Furthermore, the social-cognitive approach became the most dominant theoretical framework in mainstream sport psychology in 1980-1990s. This approach focuses on the social and physical environment as a source of behavioral regulation, emphasizing individual`s cognition. Recent literature in sport psychology proposed the ecological meta theory that stressed behavior and person in context, with greater emphasis on the specific sport environment. In conclusion, an integrative vision in sport psychology in the 21C was suggested.